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PHYSICS OF THE LIFE SCIENCES Jay Newman Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 11. Science, Physics and Biology 1 2. Levels of Organization, Collective Behavior and Emergent Properties 3 3. Two Examples of Biophysical Systems: the Single Cell E. coli Bacteria and the Human Heart 7 4. Plan of this Book 11
Chapter 2 The Stability and Structure of Matter 14 1. The Atomic Nature of Matter 14 2. Mass, Density, and the Size of Atoms 18 3. Weight and Gravity 23 4. The Electric Force 26 5. The Stability of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, and Bulk Material 31 6. The Nuclear Forces 37 7. Energy 39 Questions/Problems 43
Chapter 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion for a Particle Moving in One-Dimension 48 1. Position, Velocity and Acceleration in One-Dimension 48 2. Newton’s First Law of Motion 58 3. Force in One-Dimension 60 4. Mass 62 5. Newton’s Second Law of Motion in One-Dimension 64 6. Newton’s Third Law 67 7. Diffusion 70 Questions/Problems 73
Chapter 4 Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion in One-Dimension 831. The Constant Force 832. Motion in a Viscous Fluid 90 3. Hooke’s Law and Oscillations 95 4. Forces on Solids and their Elastic Response; Biomaterials 103 and Viscoelasticity 5. Structure and Molecular Dynamics of Proteins 112 Questions/Problems 119
Chapter 5 Work and Energy in One-Dimension 126 1. Work 126 2. Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 130 3. Potential Energy and the Conservation of Energy 132 4. Forces from Energy 137 5. Power 143 Questions/Problems 146
Chapter 6 Motion, Forces and Energy in More than One-Dimension 153 1. Vector Algebra 153 2. Kinematics 159 3. Dynamics 164 4. Work and Energy 168 5. Contact Frictional Forces 172 6. Circular Motion Dynamics 177 7. Centrifugation 182 Questions/Problems 185
Chapter 7 Momentum 206 1. Momentum 206 2. Center of Mass 213 3. Center of Mass Motion: Newton's Second Law and 219 Conservation of Momentum Questions/Problems 224
Chapter 8 Rotational Motion 230 1. Rotational Kinematics 231 2. Rotational Energy 236 3. Torque and Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body 244 4. Angular Momentum 253 5. Atomic Force Microscopy 258 6. Rotational Diffusion; Cell Membrane Dynamics 261 7. Static Equilibrium 265 Questions/Problems 270
Chapter 9 Ideal Fluids 287 1. Introduction 287 2. Pressure 289 3. Dynamics of Non-Viscous Fluids: Types of Flow 293 4. Conservation Laws of Fluid Dynamics 296 5. Hydrostatics: Effects of Gravity 304 6. The Measurement of Pressure 310 Questions/Problems 313
Chapter 10 Viscous Fluids 321 1. Viscosity of Simple Fluids 321 2. Blood and Other Complex Fluids 328 3. The Human Circulatory System 330 4. Surface Tension and Capillarity 335 Questions/Problems 341
Chapter 11 Waves and Resonance 347 1. Simple Harmonic Motion Revisited: Damping and Resonance 347 2. Wave Concepts 354 3. Traveling Waves 356 4. Waves at a Boundary: Interference 360 5. Standing Waves and Resonance 363 Questions/Problems 368 Chapter 12 Sound 3741. Basics 374 2. Intensity of Sound 378 3. Superposition of Sound Waves 380 4. Producing Sound 389 5. The Human Ear: Physiology and Function 393 6. The Doppler Effect in Sound 400 7. Ultrasound 403 Questions/Problems 409
Chapter 13 Temperature and Heat 415 1. Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 415 2. Thermal Expansion and Stress 418 3. Internal Energy and the Ideal Gas 424 4. The First Law of Thermodynamics 429 5. Thermal Properties of Matter 434 6. Vapor and Osmotic Pressure; Membrane Transport and the Kidney 440 7. Heat Transfer Mechanisms 446 Questions/Problems 452
Chapter 14 Thermodynamics: Beyond the First Law 458 1. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 458 2. Gibbs Free Energy 466 3. Biological Applications of Statistical Thermodynamics 472 Questions/Problems 478 Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Fields 4821. Electric Charge and Charge Conservation 482 2. Coulomb's Law 485 3. Conductors and Insulators 489 4. Electric Fields 491 5. Principles of Electrophoresis; Macromolecular Charges in Solution 501 6. Modern Electrophoresis Methods 503 Questions/Problems 508 Chapter 16 Electric Energy and Potential 5151. Electric Potential Energy 515 2. Electric Potential 518 3. Electric Dipoles and Charge Distributions 522 4. Atomic and Molecular Electrical Interactions 527 5. Static Electrical Properties of Bulk Matter 530 6. Electrostatic Applications to Native and Synthetic Macromolecules 533 7. Capacitors and Membranes 534 8. Membrane Channels: Part I 543 9. Electric Potential Mapping of the Human Body: Heart, Muscle, 545 and Brain Questions/Problems 549 Chapter 17 Electric Current and Cell Membranes 5551. Electric Current and Resistance 555 2. Ohm’s Law and Electrical Measurements 563 3. Membrane Electrical Currents 570 4. Overview of Nerve Structure and Function; Measurement Techniques 576 5. Electrical Properties of Neurons 579 6. Membrane Channels: Part II 584 Questions/Problems 589 Chapter 18 Magnetic Fields 5971. Magnetic Fields and Forces 598 2. Torque and Force on a Magnetic Dipole 607 3. The Stern-Gerlach Experiment and Electron Spin 610 4. Producing B fields 611 Questions/Problems 619
Chapter 19 Electromagnetic Induction and Radiation 627 1. Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law 627 2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 636 3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 645 4. Maxwell's Equations; Electromagnetic Radiation 649 Questions/Problems 654 Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Waves 6611. Electromagnetic Waves 661 2. Laser tweezers 669 3. Polarization 675 4. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 679 5. The Quantum Theory of Radiation: Concepts 681 6. The Interaction of Radiation with Matter; A Primer on Spectroscopy 683 Questions/Problems 692
Chapter 21 Geometrical Optics 698 1. Optical Properties of Matter 698 2. Light at an Interface 701 3. Optical Fibers and Their Applications in Medicine 708 Questions/Problems 713
Chapter 22 Optical Lenses and Devices 721 1. Optical Lenses 721 2. The Human Eye 732 3. Optical Devices: The Magnifying Glass and Optical Microscope 741 Questions/Problems 744 Chapter 23 Wave Optics 7511. Diffraction and Interference of Light 751 2. Single, Double, and Multiple Slits and Interferometers 759 3. Resolution 772 Questions/Problems 777
Chapter 24 Imaging Using Wave Optics 782 1. The New Light Microscopies 782 2. Optical Activity; Applications of Light Polarization 791 3. Electron Microscopy 797 4. X-rays: Diffraction and Computed Tomography (CT) 801 Questions/Problems 809 Chapter 25 Special Relativity and Quantum Physics 8121. Special Relativity: Mass-Energy and Dynamics 812 2. Overview of Quantum Theory 817 3. Wave Functions; the Schrödinger Equation 823 4. Uncertainty Principle; Scanning Tunneling Microscope 827 Questions/Problems 833
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